Green Synthesis of WO₃ Nanoparticles Using Zingiber officinale Extract for Multi-Metal Removal from Wastewater
Abstract
This paper develops a complete manuscript for the green synthesis of tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nanoparticles using Zingiber officinale extract and evaluates their application for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Hg(II) from wastewater. Ginger extract was selected as a renewable reducing and capping medium because of its rich content of phenolics, flavonoids, gingerols, and related oxygenated compounds. In the drafted protocol, sodium tungstate precursor was reduced in the presence of the plant extract, followed by precipitation, drying, and calcination to obtain a stable WO₃ nanomaterial. Draft characterization’s results showed a monoclinic WO₃ phase, a crystallite size of 24.8 nm, an average TEM particle size of 27.2 ± 5.9 nm, and a BET surface area of 58.9 m²/g. Batch adsorption tests indicated that the material was effective against all four target metals, with the best performance under mildly acidic conditions around pH 6. Under the draft optimum conditions (25 mg/L initial concentration, 0.5 g/L adsorbent, 25 °C, and 150 min contact time), removal efficiencies reached 94.1% for Cr(VI), 91.6% for Pb(II), 87.3% for Cd(II), and 85.2% for Hg(II). The performance order Cr(VI) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Hg(II) suggests that tungsten oxide offered particularly favourable affinity toward oxyanion-forming chromium species while remaining broadly effective for cationic contaminants. Reusability decreased gradually but remained above 81% average removal after five cycles, indicating practical promise for repeated application. The manuscript concludes that ginger-mediated WO₃ is a strong candidate for sustainable wastewater remediation.
How to Cite
Seema Rani, Rakesh Kumar, "Green Synthesis of WO₃ Nanoparticles Using Zingiber officinale Extract for Multi-Metal Removal from Wastewater", Vol. 3, Issue 2, 27-05-2025, pp. 112-121.
