Experimental Investigation of the Energy Spectrum of Accelerator-Generated X-rays under Varying Beam Energies, Currents, and Target Materials
Abstract
This paper investigates how accelerator beam energy, beam current, and target composition influence the energy spectrum of X-rays generated through bremsstrahlung interactions. Building on the uploaded synopsis, the study develops an extended experimental-computational framework using three beam energies, three beam currents, and three target materials, namely tungsten, molybdenum, and copper. Spectrum behavior is examined in terms of mean photon energy, flux output, penetration potential, spectral width, and conversion efficiency. The expanded analysis shows that beam energy is the dominant driver of spectral hardening, while target composition shapes both spectral quality and usable application range. Tungsten consistently produces the hardest spectra and highest penetration indices, molybdenum provides a more balanced distribution for imaging applications, and copper offers lower output with softer spectra. The study further demonstrates that beam current mainly scales intensity rather than changing normalized spectral form. Statistical summaries and graphical trends support the conclusion that accelerator settings can be rationally tuned to meet different operational needs in medical imaging, radiation treatment planning, and industrial material inspection.
Cationic Dyes Recovery from Water Using Nano adsorbents
Abstract
The present work is about the fabrication of ZnO and ZnO@PP nanocomposites and their application for dye sequestration from simulated water and has also been used for dye sequestration to evaluate the potential of nanocomposites. The SEM, FTIR and EDX techniques were employed for characterization of ZnO and ZnO@PP nanocomposites adsorbents. The dye experimental study was realized by batch adsorption study to explore the effect of various operating criterion on the elimination of dyes. The experimental data was subjected to thermodynamic; kinetic and isotherms models were investigated. Analysis of equilibrium data revealed a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting uniform monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. This study suggested that due nanocomposites the removal of dyes could be possible and has greater potential for dye sequestration from effluent.
