Past Issues

Experimental Investigation of the Energy Spectrum of Accelerator-Generated X-rays under Varying Beam Energies, Currents, and Target Materials

Abstract

This paper investigates how accelerator beam energy, beam current, and target composition influence the energy spectrum of X-rays generated through bremsstrahlung interactions. Building on the uploaded synopsis, the study develops an extended experimental-computational framework using three beam energies, three beam currents, and three target materials, namely tungsten, molybdenum, and copper. Spectrum behavior is examined in terms of mean photon energy, flux output, penetration potential, spectral width, and conversion efficiency. The expanded analysis shows that beam energy is the dominant driver of spectral hardening, while target composition shapes both spectral quality and usable application range. Tungsten consistently produces the hardest spectra and highest penetration indices, molybdenum provides a more balanced distribution for imaging applications, and copper offers lower output with softer spectra. The study further demonstrates that beam current mainly scales intensity rather than changing normalized spectral form. Statistical summaries and graphical trends support the conclusion that accelerator settings can be rationally tuned to meet different operational needs in medical imaging, radiation treatment planning, and industrial material inspection.

Cationic Dyes Recovery from Water Using Nano adsorbents

Abstract

The present work is about the fabrication of ZnO and ZnO@PP nanocomposites and their application for dye sequestration from simulated water and has also been used for dye sequestration to evaluate the potential of nanocomposites. The SEM, FTIR and EDX techniques were employed for characterization of ZnO and ZnO@PP nanocomposites adsorbents. The dye experimental study was realized by batch adsorption study to explore the effect of various operating criterion on the elimination of dyes. The experimental data was subjected to thermodynamic; kinetic and isotherms models were investigated. Analysis of equilibrium data revealed a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting uniform monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. This study suggested that due nanocomposites the removal of dyes could be possible and has greater potential for dye sequestration from effluent.

AI-Powered Advertising: Exploring Consumer Engagement and Brand Loyalty in the Age of Social Media

Abstract

The intersection of social media advertising and artificial intelligence (AI) has created significant advancements in how brands interact with consumers, offering new possibilities for targeted, personalized, and efficient marketing strategies. This study investigates the role of AI in enhancing the effectiveness of social media advertising and how AI-driven content optimization influences consumer engagement. AI technologies, such as machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics, have empowered marketers to refine their advertising strategies by providing deeper insights into consumer behavior, automating ad placements, and enabling real-time content adjustments. As a result, brands can achieve greater targeting accuracy, optimize their advertising spend, and improve the overall performance of their campaigns. This research focuses on two key objectives: first, to examine how AI-powered tools enhance the effectiveness of social media advertising by improving targeting, ad spend efficiency, and conversion rates; and second, to explore the impact of AI-driven content optimization on consumer engagement, focusing on how personalized ad content increases consumer interaction with ads, such as likes, shares, comments, and clicks. By leveraging AI technologies, brands can create dynamic, personalized ad experiences that resonate with individual consumers, driving deeper connections and fostering greater brand loyalty

A Comparative Study of Sectoral Dynamics and Investment Potential in India’s Share Market

Abstract

This study investigates the performance of key sectors in the Indian share market and explores associated investment opportunities. By evaluating sectors such as Information Technology (IT), Pharmaceuticals, Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Financials, Energy, and Infrastructure, the study aims to provide a comprehensive sectoral analysis. Performance metrics such as stock returns, price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios, market capitalization, and sectoral growth trends were employed to assess sector-specific trends. Additionally, macroeconomic variables including GDP growth, inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates were examined for their correlation with sectoral performance. The research uses quantitative data from reliable stock exchanges like BSE and NSE, and employs econometric techniques and correlation analysis to establish linkages between economic indicators and sectoral returns. Findings indicate that the IT and Pharmaceutical sectors exhibit resilient growth, particularly in post-pandemic periods, driven by global demand and innovation. FMCG and Financials show stable long-term performance, while the Infrastructure and Energy sectors demonstrate cyclical but promising returns aligned with policy initiatives. This study highlights significant investment opportunities for both institutional and retail investors, recommending a diversified portfolio approach with emphasis on macroeconomic awareness. The results provide strategic insights for investors, policymakers, and financial analysts, reinforcing the importance of sectoral analysis in investment decisions within the Indian market context.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DRAMATIC TECHNIQUES IN AMERICAN NOVELS: THE WORKS OF FAULKNER, STEINBECK, AND OTHERS

Abstract

This research paper examines the role of dramatic techniques in American novels, particularly focusing on how authors like William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and others use elements such as dialogue, characterization, setting, and conflict to enhance storytelling and deepen emotional engagement. By employing a comparative approach, this study analyzes how dramatic elements contribute to the thematic and narrative depth in their works. Faulkner’s stream-of-consciousness and fragmented narrative in As I Lay Dying are compared with Steinbeck’s naturalistic dialogue and character-driven plot development in The Grapes of Wrath, alongside the influence of theater on novelistic structures. Key findings include that Faulkner’s use of psychological monologues mirrors theatrical soliloquies, providing immediate access to characters' inner turmoil and emotional fragmentation. In contrast, Steinbeck’s naturalistic dialogue fosters a sense of realism, drawing readers into the social struggles of characters like the Joad family. The symbolic use of setting in both novels functions similarly to a theatrical stage, amplifying the emotional and social tensions experienced by the characters. Both authors, though stylistically different, utilize dramatic conflict and character development to engage readers emotionally and thematically. The study concludes that dramatic techniques play a pivotal role in shaping modern American literature by enhancing its emotional intensity and thematic depth. Future research may focus on postmodern authors or further investigate the evolution of dramatic techniques in contemporary novels, particularly through the lens of symbolism and soliloquies.

Psychological Conflict, Desire, and Female Selfhood in D. H. Lawrence’s Fiction

Abstract

This paper studies the psychological conflicts experienced by major female characters in the fiction of D. H. Lawrence. While Lawrence’s women have often been discussed in relation to patriarchy and sexuality, they also require attention as figures of inward division, repression, desire, emotional dependency, fear, and resistance. Focusing on Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, and Lady Chatterley’s Lover, the paper argues that female selfhood in Lawrence is created through psychological struggle. Gertrude Morel, Miriam Leivers, Clara Dawes, Ursula Brangwen, Gudrun Brangwen, and Constance Chatterley are not fixed types of mother, beloved, rebel, or sexual woman. Each is shaped by a conflict between inner desire and outer expectation. Psychoanalytic criticism is useful for understanding these conflicts because Lawrence repeatedly represents identity through attachment, rivalry, unconscious need, bodily awakening, and the fear of losing the self in relation. Yet these psychological conflicts are also historically produced by a world moving from Victorian restraint toward modern forms of sexuality and individualism. Lawrence’s achievement is to show that female identity is not simply chosen; it is formed through struggle with family, love, body, memory, class, and the unconscious.